Source of water

Main Source of water

Main sources of water are:

1. Rain water: Rain water is the purest water of all natural sources. The water may contain traces of gases dissolved out small amount of finely divided solid matter derived from the air. It also contain dissolved impurities such as shoot traces of SO₂, NO₂, NH₃, H₂SO₄, CO₂ and other by products of industrialization. Suspended in it can be filtered by using sand bed. Rain water is suitable for boiling, washing and dyeing process.

2. Subsoil water: This type of water is collected from shallow springs and wells which are about 50ft(15cm) or so deep. It is usually free from suspended impurities because it has been filtered by its passage through the soil. It will, however, contains dissolve organic matter. Subsoil water is often rich in dissolved carbon dioxide, a gas abundantly present in the sin of the soil. Subsoil waters are very variable with regard to the impurities which they contain. It is not suitable for dyeing and finishing.

3. Surface water: Surface water consist of rain water which is collected from streams, rivers or laks. This type of water contains organic and inorganic matters which are dissolved in it and also contain suspended impurities. Then the Nutrifying bacteria will in time convert the organic substances into nitrates which are not objectionable in dyeing and finishing. Surface waters may receive considerable additions of dissolved mineral salts from shallow springs which feed the streams. It contains chloride, Sulphate, Carbonate, Bicarbonate of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Iron.

4. Deep well water: This type of water is obtained 500m below the surface. This is free from organic matters. The soluble impurities in water may be composed of a variety of substances, soluble organic compounds, ammonium salts, nitrites of animal or vegetable for quantities, the sewage contamination is undesirable for many textile purpose. The presence of salts of calcium or magnesium in solution can be most undesirable in many finishing process.

Other source

Other sources are:

1. Municipal or public water system.

2. Reclaimed waste streams.

The common compounds presents in almost all water supply in some extent are:

· Acidity, alkalinity.

· Aluminum.

· Chlorine.

· Heavy metal such as Iron, Copper, magnesium etc.

· Calcium and magnesium.

· Suspended matters.

· Dissolved solid.